BIOLOGY 223:  HUMAN GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Exam 1 Study Guide (download this guide as an easy to print Word document)

• Know the cell cycle and what is happening at each stage
• Know the four stages of mitosis and what the cell looks like at each stage
• Understand the terms diploid and haploid and be able to figure out the number of chromosomes a cell would have in a given species if it were diploid or haploid. 
• Know which cells in the body are diploid or haploid.
• Understand the process of meiosis, including how it is similar and how it differs from mitosis. 
• Know how many divisions there are in meiosis. 
• Know when crossing over occurs and what the result of crossing over is.
• Know how to estimate the number for possible gamete combinations an organism can produce.
• Know where fertilization occurs and what the product of fertilization is.
• Know the major differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
• Know which hormones are made by the anterior pituitary in females and which are made in the ovary.
• Know the time period between fertilization and implantation.
• Know Mendel's first and second laws. 
• Know what a test cross and a monohybrid cross are.
• Be able to figure out all the possible gametes that a heterozygote could produce
• Know what an allele is.
• Know the difference between genotype and phenotype.
• Be able to work the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid cross
• Be able to do the calculations for Mendelian inheritance.
• Understand the inheritance of autosomal recessive traits
• Know what Barr bodies are
• Understand X inactivation and how that relates to calico cats
• Know the difference between discrete traits and continuous traits.
• Know what polygenic means.
• Know what a point mutation is.
• Know what Turner syndrome is.  Know the karyotype of a person with Turner syndrome.
• Know what the Lyon hypothesis is
• Know the difference between euchromatin, heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
• Know what nondisjunction is.
• Know what the Rosetta stone for DNA is.
• Know what information was derived from Rosaylin Franklins work.
• Understand the significance of the Hershey and Chase blender experiments
• Know the individuals who contributed to the discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule
• Know the structure and components of the DNA molecule. 
• Know what Okazaki fragments are and how they are produced. 
• Know what causes spongiform encephalopathies
• Know the steps in protein synthesis and the role that the 3 different types of RNA play
• Know the enzymes that synthesize DNA and RNA. 
• Know the differences between RNA and DNA.
• Be able to explain what transcription and translation are.
• Know Chargoff's rules and how they apply to DNA and RNA synthesis.
• Know the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and the functions they perform